Chapter: 96

"The nature of land in the Ming Dynasty is divided into two types: official land and private land. Among them, official land is about 1.2 million hectares, accounting for about one-seventh, and private land is about 7.2 million hectares, accounting for six-seventh. Tian Shao's pattern."

Li Jinglong paused, and then said again: "The main source of official land, one is the official land inherited from the Yuan Dynasty, and the other is the land that was lost when the local separatist forces were pacified... For example, Zhang Shicheng, the king of Puppet Wu, At that time, all the land owned by the puppet Wu dignitaries was classified as official land. Most of the villainous rich people in the Su, Song, Jia, and Hu areas were also confiscated because of their convictions."

The so-called villainous rich people, um, are actually the local scholar-bureaucrat families who have been entrenched in Su, Song, Jia, Hu and other prefectures since the end of the Song Dynasty to the end of the Yuan Dynasty.

"In addition to the properties of the royal family, vassal kings, nobles, etc., there are also farmlands in the official land, which are divided into military villages, commercial villages, and civilian villages. The latter two can be ignored. They are mainly military villages all over the country. One bucket of rent is collected per mu, and the rest is used for the life of the officers and soldiers in the guard."

"Private fields are counted by the fish scale book, which is divided into general maps and sub-maps. The sub-maps are based on lijia, and then the sub-maps of several li are summarized into the general map of townships, which is updated every ten years."

Li Jinglong thought for a moment, and said: "If we count according to the first point, who owns all the materials for food production, such as cultivated land, cattle, and seeds... Daming's official land belongs to the state, and it is distributed to the state. The royal family, vassals, nobles, and the army used it, while private land belonged to farmers or landowners."

"Secondly, the status of those who produce food and those who own food are in the relationship between landlords and tenant farmers, as well as self-cultivating farmers, both. The third point, who will ultimately distribute the food, is also based on the second point."

Jiang Xinghuo nodded. He spoke in great detail. He was obviously a knowledgeable son, not a mere Qinhuai wanderer.

At this time, Zhu Gaoxu's attitude towards Li Jinglong has obviously changed.

Zhu Gaoxu said in his heart: "I didn't expect Li Jinglong to be bad at fighting, but he knows a lot about other things."

"You are very good, then I will briefly talk about the three points of the Tang Dynasty, Song Dynasty, and Yuan Dynasty according to the difference between the dynasties. You can listen to what is different from the present, so as to understand the evolution of the land system. "

Jiang Xinghuo said slowly: "In the early Tang Dynasty, the Guanlong military aristocratic group inherited the land equalization system since the Western Wei Dynasty, Northern Zhou Dynasty, and Great Sui Dynasty, adapting to the situation of sharp population decline after the war at the end of the Sui Dynasty; in the middle and late Tang Dynasty, the Anshi Rebellion led to the expansion of the town. , In order to reduce the burden on the people and also to collect taxes efficiently, the reform of the two-tax system was carried out... Generally speaking, the land system of the Tang Dynasty was owned by the state, gradually transitioned to the ownership of landlords and self-cultivating farmers, and finally transitioned to big landlords So, the tax system also changes with the land system.”

"In the Song Dynasty, due to the loose economic policy, private land mergers were not suppressed, so the land owned by the state was greatly reduced, and the land system was basically dominated by landlords, supplemented by self-cultivated farmers."

"It is precisely because of the land system that landlords will do their best to merge land, which will inevitably lead to a large number of bankruptcy of self-cultivating farmers."

"That's why Wang Anshi implemented the Young Crops Law, trying to subsidize owner farmers from the 'materials of production' and restrain land mergers."

"However, it is a pity that what Wang Anshi faced was the opposition of the entire landlord class. Even if Wang Anshi did not dare to change the two points of 'the mutual status of the food producers and those who own the food' and 'who will ultimately distribute the food', he still touches the landlords. The reform of class interests ultimately ended in failure."

"As for the Yuan Dynasty, the Yuan Dynasty implemented the two-land system in the land system and the tax system in the tax system. After satisfying the interests of the Mongolian aristocrats, the landlords of the Han Dynasty were allowed to beat the bones of the people, and they did not touch the interests of the landlords. In the end, The oppressed self-cultivating peasant class will lose a large area of ​​land, and they will inevitably revolt, and there is nothing to say."

Jiang Xinghuo finally concluded.

"So, looking at the evolution of the land system in the past millennium, we can draw a simple rule."

"The land system (that is, the nature of land ownership) determines the tax system, the ratio of the landlord class to the owner-peasant class determines the tax base of the dynasty, and the scale of the tax base, mainly agricultural tax, determines the lifespan of the dynasty."

What Jiang Xinghuo did not give an example is the Qing Dynasty, the last feudal dynasty in the future.

It was an existence that magically jumped out of the above rules at the end of the dynasty.

The reason is also very simple. The evolution from agricultural society to industrial society has led to the failure of the empirical laws of agricultural dynasties.

In other words, the law did not fail, or the expansion of tax bases such as tariff lijin extended the life of the Qing Dynasty, but the tariff lijin had nothing to do with land ownership, so it was not determined by the ratio of the landlord class to the self-cultivating peasant class.

Zhu Gaoxu had just realized it at this time, he said excitedly.

"So, as long as the land system is used to control the landlord class and don't make up too much of it, the life of the Ming Dynasty can be extended!"

Li Jinglong was at a loss for words when he heard the words.

The truth is indeed such a truth.

But this is the same as you can live forever as long as you don't get sick and old, isn't this nonsense?

The landlord class's land annexation is something that is engraved in the bones and has nothing to do with people.